Fluorinated amide derivatives and their uses as therapeutic agents

ABSTRACT

The present application relates to novel fluorinated amide derivatives of Formula (I), to processes for preparing them, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and their use thereof in the treatment or prevention of acute and/or chronic neurological disorders such as psychosis, epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer&#39; disease, cognitive disorders and memory deficits, as well as chronic and acute pain and other related CNS disorders.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/771,479, filed Apr. 27, 2018, which is a national stage of international application no. PCT/CA2016/051260, filed on Oct. 31, 2016, which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/248,344 filed on Oct. 30, 2015, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present application relates to novel fluorinated amide derivatives, to processes for preparing them, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and their use thereof in the treatment or prevention of acute and/or chronic neurological disorders such as psychosis, epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer' disease, cognitive disorders and memory deficits, as well as chronic and acute pain and other related CNS disorders.

BACKGROUND

Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder that affects ˜50 million people worldwide. The lifetime prevalence is ˜1%, and it affects individuals of all ages regardless of gender or socio-economic status. Epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain such as trauma, infection, stroke or a tumour, or can result from a genetic mutation in one or more of the ion channel or neurotransmitter genes or proteins that control brain excitability (Bialer et al. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2010, 9:68-82).

Epileptic seizures can be generalized (generalized epileptic seizure), originating in both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously, or partial (focal seizures) originating in one or more parts of one or both hemispheres, most commonly the temporal lobe. With generalized seizures, consciousness is always impaired or lost. Consciousness may be maintained in partial seizures but partial seizures may become generalized seizures in a process referred to as secondary generalization, at which point consciousness is lost. In patients the type of epilepsy or epileptic syndrome are further classified according to features such as the type of seizure, etiology, age of onset and electroencephalogram. Epilepsy or epileptic syndromes can be either idiopathic (etiology or cause is unknown) with a presumed genetic basis or symptomatic (acquired). The known potential causes of epilepsy include brain tumors, infections, traumatic head injuries, perinatal insults, developmental malformations, cerebrovascular diseases, febrile seizures and status epilepticus (Loscher, Trends Pharmacol. Sci, 2002, 23:113-118).

Despite progress in understanding the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures, the cellular basis of human epilepsy remains a mystery and, in the absence of specific etiological comprehension, approaches to drug therapy are still directed toward the control of symptoms, i.e., suppression of seizures. Chronic administration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is the treatment of choice in epilepsy (Dreyfuss et al. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology; Springer: Berlin, 1999; 1-15).

The past decade witnessed considerable progress in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy, including the introduction of several new AEDs and improved formulations of older, “first-generation” drugs, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and valproate. Newer “second-generation” drugs include lamotrigine, vigabatrin, tiagabine, topiramate, oxcarbazepine, zonisamide, gabapentin, and levetiracetam. However, only a minority of patients refractory to first-generation AEDs are reported to be seizure-free with second-generation AEDs.

A number of clinical anticonvulsants including phenytoin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin and pregabalin are widely utilized in the management of neuropathic pain (Collins et al. Expert Opinion Emerging Drugs, 2005, 10:95-108). Neuropathic pain results from a cascade of neurobiological events, which tend to induce electrical hyper excitability within somatosensory conduction pathway. Since electrical hyper excitability is also the hallmark of epileptic seizure activity, anticonvulsants are among the first agents adopted in the treatment of neuropathic pain and remain the first option in clinical use.

Pain is both a sensory and emotional experience, and is generally associated with tissue damage or inflammation. Typically, pain is divided into two general categories—acute pain and chronic pain. Both differ in their etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and most importantly treatment.

Acute pain is short term, and is typically of readily identifiable cause. Patients suffering from acute pain typically respond well to medications. In contrast, chronic pain—medically defined as pain that lasts for 3-6 months or longer, is often not associated with any obvious injury; indeed, patients can suffer from protracted pain that persists for months or years after the initial insult. Whilst acute pain is generally favorably treated with medications, chronic pain is often much more difficult to treat, generally requiring expert care. Few, if any, ethical drugs have been prospectively developed for the treatment of chronic pain. Instead, the current medications used to treat chronic pain are “borrowed” from other diseases, most commonly antiepileptic drugs and antidepressants.

Current first-line treatments for chronic pain include opioids, analgesics such as gabapentin, and tricyclic antidepressants. When opioids are administered over prolonged periods, undesirable side effects such as drug tolerance, chemical dependency and even physiological addiction can occur. Of treatment remedies currently available for chronic pain, at best approximately 30% are effective in significantly diminishing the pain, and these can lose their efficiency over time.

In instances in which treatment with a single agent proves to be unsuccessful, combination therapy is often then explored as a second line treatment. For example, such combination therapy may employ administration of an opioid agent with an adjuvant analgesic, although the relative doses of each are often subject to prolonged trial and error periods. Often, triple drug therapy is necessary. Such therapy generally involves a combination of tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants and a systemic local anesthetic. Patient compliance drops significantly, however, when treatment requires the administration of multiple pharmacologic agents. Recently, researchers reported the use of a combination of morphine and gabapentin in a randomized study for controlling nerve pain (Gilron, et al., N. Eng. J. Med., 2005, 352:1281-82).

In treatment, it is important to consider overall pain relief, as well as the type of pain relief. For example, chronic pain is typically viewed as allodynia or hyperalgesia. Allodynia is pain sensation from a stimulus which is not normally painful. Allodynia is typically caused by a physical stimulus and is thus referred to as tactile or mechanical allodynia. Hyperalgesia is an exaggerated sensation form a stimulus which is normally painful. The hyperalgesia can occur from a variety of stimuli but, commonly, a patient's reaction to hot or cold stimuli is reported.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is generally thought of as a maladaptive chronic condition in which pain originates from damaged nerves, often yielding pain that is out of proportion to the extent of any injury. Damage can occur from a physical injury such as trauma or from chemical injury such as chemotherapeutics (e.g. paclitaxel). Neuropathic pain of this type is an important component of a number of syndromes of varying etiologies whose common characteristic is the development of a prolonged and profound pain state. Among these conditions are spinal cord injury, post-herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, phantom limb pain, stump/neuroma pain, post-ischemic pain (stroke), fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain, vertebral disk rapture, trigeminal neuralgia and others.

Recently, it has been recognized that neuropathic pain can also manifest itself in the absence of an identifiable nerve injury. These indications include AIDS and mirror image pain. The lack of any nerve injury but unmistakable chronic pain has led to increased interest in the role of glial cells in the maintenance of the neuropathic pain state (Watkins and Maier, Drug Disc. Today: Ther. Strategies 2004, 1:83-88; Watkins and Maier, Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 2003, 2:973-985). More specifically, recent research has demonstrated that glial cells enhance the release of neurotransmitters which relay pain information to the spinal cord and, even more strikingly, release substances which increase the excitability of pain-responsive neurons in the spinal cord. These substances, called pro-inflammatory cytokines, create and maintain exaggerated or pathological pain responses (Wieseler-Frank et al., Neurosignals 2005, 14:166-174). Blocking the activation of glial cells reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and reverses pathological pain. To date, no therapeutics have been approved which have a putative glial cell-attenuation mechanism for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Molecules which are glial cell-attenuators may play an important role in the treatment of neuropathic pain.

In light of the above shortcomings in current approaches for treating chronic pain there exists a need for improved compositions and methods for treating pain, particularly neuropathic pain and its associated symptoms and, more specifically, neuropathic pain associated with certain conditions such as fibromyalgia, among others. Such approaches should ideally overcome one or more of the problems associated with existing methods for treating chronic pain.

Migraine is a disease condition characterized by episodes of head pain that is often throbbing and frequently unilateral, and can be severe. In migraine without aura, attacks are usually associated with nausea, vomiting or sensitivity to light, sound or movement. In some patients, migraine attacks are usually preceded or accompanied by transient focal neurological symptoms, which are usually visual; such patients are described as having migraine with aura.

Both migraine and epilepsy are usually included in the spectrum of neurological chronic disorders with episodic manifestations that are known to be characterized by recurrent attacks of nervous system dysfunction with a return to baseline between attacks.

The hypothesis of a possible clinical continuum between migraine and epileptic syndromes as entities resulting from altered neuronal excitability with a similar genetic basis has been postulated (Haut et al. Lancet Neurol 2006, 5:148-157). Epilepsy is a comorbid condition of migraine; it occurs more commonly in patients with migraine than in the general population, and the prevalence of migraine in epileptic patients is higher than in controls.

Some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are effective in the prevention of migraine (Rogawski et al Nat. Med. 2004, 10:685-692; Silberstein, S. D., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2006, 27:410-415). A rationale for this use is the hypothesis that migraine and epilepsy share several pathogenetic mechanisms.

Anxiety is broadly defined as a state of unwarranted or inappropriate worry often accompanied by restlessness, tension, distraction, irritability and sleep disturbances. This disproportionate response to environmental stimuli can hyper activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system, resulting in somatic manifestation of anxiety, including shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, rapid heartbeat and elevated blood pressure (Sanford et al. Pharmacol. Ther. 2000, 88:197-212). Anxiety disorders represent a range of conditions and as a result have been classified into multiple distinct conditions, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic attack, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and social phobias (Sanford et al. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 1998, 393:74-80).

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most common of the anxiety disorders and is characterized by excessive and persistent worries. Some of the specific symptoms of GAD include restlessness, motor tension, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and sleep disturbances and the severity of the symptoms over time may be linked to the changing nature of the environmental stressor. With age, GAD symptoms become less severe.

Panic Disorder is a well-studied psychiatric condition that consists of multiple disabling panic attacks characterized by and intense autonomic arousal. In addition, heightened fear and anxiety states occur both during and between panic attacks. Approximately 3% of woman and 1.5% of men have panic attacks. During a panic attack, the individual experiences multiple symptoms including light-headedness, a pounding heart and difficulty in breathing. Panic disorder may be caused by an oversensitive brain system regulating autonomic functions.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is another example of a disorder associated with intense fear and anxiety states that require psychiatric treatment. PTSD results from exposure to a life threatening or traumatic event. Individuals with PTSD have recurring thoughts of the terrifying event. Reenactment of the event varies in duration from a few seconds or hours to several days. Individuals with major depression, with panic disorders or lacking strong social supports are vulnerable to develop PTSD.

Anxiety disorders, which occur in 10% to 30% of the population, represent not only a significant public health issue but place a substantial economic burden on society. A number of drugs have either been developed or are being developed for treating the different subclasses of anxiety. Some of these agents such as tricyclic antidepressants and β-adrenoreceptor antagonists found either limited use in treating specific disorders such as performance anxiety (e.g. β-adrenoreceptor antagonists suppression of the sympathetic manifestations of anxiety) or have fallen out of favor for reasons of efficacy and/or safety. Currently, direct and indirect serotonin receptor agonists (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and buspirone) and benzodiazepines are most often prescribed for treating anxiety disorders with benzodiazepine receptor agonist being a preferred therapeutic modality. The ability of benzodiazepines to enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission safely and rapidly is central to their effectiveness in treating anxiety disorder especially GAD and panic disorders (Stahl et al. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2002, 63: 756-757). Benzodiazepines act by positively modulating the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA through an allosteric site on the GABA A receptor complex, a ligand-gated chloride ion channel. Nonetheless, the use of benzodiazepines is limited by side effects associated with enhanced GABAnergic neurotransmission, manifesting as sedation, muscle relaxation, amnesia and ataxia. Moreover, the potential for abuse and physical dependence is associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines.

SUMMARY

The compounds of this application were strategically designed with the objective of identifying a broad spectrum antiepileptic drug (AED) with a favorable safety and tolerability profile. A broad spectrum profile could distinguish these compounds not only from other first-generation AED such as phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ) but also from many of the second-generation compounds such as pregabalin and levetiracetam. In preclinical studies, compounds that demonstrate broad anticonvulsant activity in acute rodent seizure models of electroshock and chemical origin (e.g. MES and PTZ) may show efficacy in suppressing spike and wave discharges in models of generalized absence epilepsy. Furthermore, the compounds of this application were designed to have potential therapeutic applications beyond epilepsy.

The present application relates to fluorinated aryl amide derivatives, to processes for making the same, to pharmaceutical compositions containing the derivatives, and uses thereof in the treatment of, for example, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia anxiety and other related CNS disorders.

It is an object of the present invention to provide compounds and compositions useful for the treatment of a CNS disorder such as epilepsy, pain, or an anxiety disorder.

In one embodiment of the application, there is provided a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomer or optical isomer, or combination thereof:

wherein: R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, CO₂R₆, CONHR₆, CON(R₆)₂, SO₂NHR₆, SO₂N(R₆)₂, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl, C₁-C₆-lower alkoxy, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-ester, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-amide, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-acid, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkyl-ester, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycycloalkyl, hydroxy-heterocycloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, alkylenearyl, alkyleneheteroaryl, alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylene-O-cycloalkyl, alkylene-O-heterocycloalkyl, alkylene-O-alkylene-cycloalkyl, alkylene-O-alkylene-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more independently-selected groups R₆; R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl; or R₂ and R₃ connect to form, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, a three to seven-membered ring; and R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl; or R₄ and R₅ connect to form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, a three to seven-membered ring; Q is selected from O, NR₇, S, SO and SO₂; and R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl.

In some embodiments of the application, there is provided a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomer or optical isomer, or combination thereof:

wherein: R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, CO₂R₆, CONHR₆, CON(R₆)₂, SO₂NHR₆, SO₂N(R₆)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆cyanoalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl and C₁-C₆alkylene-O—C₁-C₆alkyl; R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl and C₂-C₆alkynyl; or R₂ and R₃ connect to form, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, a 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl and C₂-C₆alkynyl; or R₄ and R₅ connect to form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring; Q is selected from O, NR₇, S, SO and SO₂; and R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl and C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl.

In one aspect, there is provided a compound of Formula (I):

wherein: R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, COO₂R₆, CONHR₆, CON(R₆)₂, SO₂NHR₆, SO₂N(R₆)₂, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl, C₁-C₆-lower alkoxy, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-ester, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-amide, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-acid, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkyl-ester, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl, hetero-aryl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycycloalkyl, hydroxy-heterocycloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylene-O-cycloalkyl, alkylene-O-heterocycloalkyl, alkylene-O-alkylene-cycloalkyl, alkylene-O-alkylene-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more independently-selected groups R₆; R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl; or R₂ and R₃ connect to form a three to seven-membered ring; and R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl; or R₄ and R₅ connect to form a three to seven-membered ring; and Q is selected from O, NR₇, S, SO and SO₂, wherein R₇ is selected from the groups consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl or R₇ and Q (when Q is N) are connect to form a three to seven-membered ring.

In another aspect, the alkyl group is C₁-C₆. In a further aspect, R₁ is optionally substituted with one or more independently-selected groups R₈. R₈ is selected from the group consisting of OH, CN, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C(O)R₉, C(O)OR₉, SO₂R₉ and C(O)NR₉R₁₀; wherein R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl and cycloalkyl. In yet a further aspect, R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.

In a specific aspect, R₁ is a substituted aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen or lower alkyl, and R₄ and R₅ are hydrogen and lower alkyl. In a more specific aspect, R₁ is substituted with one or more independently-selected groups R₈, wherein R₈ is selected from halo and haloalkyl, and R₄ and R₅ are H.

In another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient. In a further aspect, the carrier is a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) to treat medical conditions such as epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders; such compositions can comprise a compound of Formula (I) in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, excipients and/or inert carriers.

In yet another aspect there is provided a method for treating at least one of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition noted above.

In yet a further aspect there is provided the use of the compound or composition noted above for manufacture of a medicament for treatment of at least one of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders. In yet a further aspect there is provided the use of the compound or composition noted above for treatment of at least one of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders in a mammal

The application additionally provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I). General and specific processes are discussed in more detail set forth in the Examples below.

The novel features of the present application will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon examination of the following detailed description of the application. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description of the application and the specific examples presented, while indicating certain embodiments of the present application, are provided for illustration purposes only because various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the application will become apparent to those of skill in the art from the detailed description of the application and claims that follow.

Other features and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating embodiments of the application, are given by way of illustration only and the scope of the claims should not be limited by these embodiments, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

DRAWINGS

The embodiments of the application will now be described in greater detail with reference to the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows the effect of compound D in Intravenous Metrazol Seizure Threshold Test in a mouse.

FIG. 2 shows the effect of (100 μM) of compound D on spontaneous burst rate and burst duration from the combined mEC-HC slice preparation derived from KA-pretreated Sprague Dawley rats—Dashed line indicates control slice burst rate and burst duration—The change in frequency and duration of burst in the presence of example 2 was analysed—* indicates significantly different from control, p<0.05.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

Unless otherwise indicated, the definitions and embodiments described in this and other sections are intended to be applicable to all embodiments and aspects of the present application herein described for which they are suitable as would be understood by a person skilled in the art.

Unless specified otherwise within this specification, the nomenclature used in this specification generally follows the examples and rules stated in “Nomenclature of Organic chemistry” (Pergamon Press, 1979), Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H. Optionally, a name of a compound may be generated using a chemical naming program: ACD/ChemSketch, Version 5.09/September 2001, Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, Canada.

The term “C_(m)-C_(n)” or “C_(m)-C_(n) group” used alone or as a prefix, refers to any group having m to n carbon atoms, wherein m and n are 0 or positive integers, and n>m. For example, “C₁-C₆” would refer to a chemical group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

The term “group” and “radical” are used interchangeably herein.

The term “hydrocarbon” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to any structure comprising only carbon and hydrogen atoms up to 14 carbon atoms.

The term “hydrocarbon radical” or “hydrocarbyl” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to any structure as a result of removing one or more hydrogens from a hydrocarbon.

The term “alkyl” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to monovalent straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radicals comprising 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

The term “alkylene” used alone or as suffix or prefix, refers to divalent straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radicals comprising 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, which serves to links two structures together.

The term “alkenyl” used alone or as suffix or prefix, refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon-carbon double bond and comprising at least 2 up to about 12 carbon atoms.

The term “alkynyl” used alone or as suffix or prefix, refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and comprising at least 2 up to about 12 carbon atoms.

The term “cycloalkyl,” used alone or as suffix or prefix, refers to a monovalent ring-containing hydrocarbon radical comprising at least 3 up to about 12 carbon atoms.

The term “cycloalkenyl” used alone or as suffix or prefix, refers to a monovalent ring-containing hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon-carbon double bond and comprising at least 3 up to about 12 carbon atoms.

The term “cycloalkynyl” used alone or as suffix or prefix, refers to a monovalent ring-containing hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and comprising about 7 up to about 12 carbon atoms.

The term “aryl” used alone or as suffix or prefix, refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon radical having one or more polyunsaturated carbon rings having aromatic character, (e.g., 4n+2 delocalized electrons) and comprising 5 up to about 14 carbon atoms.

The term “arylene” used alone or as suffix or prefix, refers to a divalent hydrocarbon radical having one or more polyunsaturated carbon rings having aromatic character, (e.g., 4n+2 delocalized electrons) and comprising 5 up to about 14 carbon atoms, which serves to links two structures together.

The term “heterocycle,” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a ring-containing structure or molecule having one or more multivalent heteroatoms, independently selected from N, O and S, as a part of the ring structure and including at least 3 and up to about 20 atoms in the ring(s). Heterocycle may be saturated or unsaturated, containing one or more double bonds, and heterocycle may contain more than one ring. When a heterocycle contains more than one ring, the rings may be fused or unfused. Fused rings generally refer to at least two rings share two atoms therebetween. Heterocycle may have aromatic character or may not have aromatic character.

The term “heteroalkyl,” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a radical formed as a result of replacing one or more carbon atom of an alkyl with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

The term “heteroaromatic,” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a ring-containing structure or molecule having one or more multivalent heteroatoms, independently selected from N, O and S, as a part of the ring structure and including at least 3 and up to about 20 atoms in the ring(s), wherein the ring-containing structure or molecule has an aromatic character (e.g., 4n+2 delocalized electrons).

The term “heterocyclic group,” “heterocyclic moiety,” “heterocyclic,” or “heterocyclo” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a radical derived from a heterocycle by removing one or more hydrogens therefrom.

The term “heterocyclyl” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a monovalent radical derived from a heterocycle by removing one hydrogen therefrom.

The term “heterocyclylene” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a divalent radical derived from a heterocycle by removing two hydrogens therefrom, which serves to links two structures together.

The term “heteroaryl” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a heterocyclyl having aromatic character.

The term “heterocylcoalkyl” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a heterocyclyl that does not have aromatic character.

The term “heteroarylene” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a heterocyclylene having aromatic character.

The term “heterocycloalkylene” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to a heterocyclylene that does not have aromatic character.

The term “six-membered” used as prefix refers to a group having a ring that contains six ring atoms.

The term “five-membered” used as prefix refers to a group having a ring that contains five ring atoms.

A five-membered ring heteroaryl is a heteroaryl with a ring having five ring atoms, where 1, 2 or 3 ring atoms are independently selected from N, O and S.

Exemplary five-membered ring heteroaryls are thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl.

A six-membered ring heteroaryl is a heteroaryl with a ring having six ring atoms wherein 1, 2 or 3 ring atoms are independently selected from N, O and S.

Exemplary six-membered ring heteroaryls are pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl and pyridazinyl.

As a prefix, “substituted” refers to a structure, molecule or group in which one or more hydrogens are replaced with one or more C₁₋₁₂hydrocarbon groups or with one or more chemical groups that contain one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, F, Cl, Br, I, and P. Exemplary chemical groups containing one or more heteroatoms include heterocyclyl, —NO₂, —OR, —R′OR, —Cl, —Br, —I, —F, —CF₃, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)OH, —NH₂, —SH, —NHR, —NR₂, —SR, —SO₃H, —SO₂R, —S(═O)R, —CN, —OH, —C(═O)OR, —C(═O)NR₂, —NRC(═O)R, —NRC(═O)OR, —R′NR₂, oxo (═O), imino (═NR), thio (═S), and oximino (═N—OR), wherein each “R” is hydrogen or a C₁₋₁₂hydrocarbyl and “R′” is a C₁₋₁₂hydrocarbyl. For example, substituted phenyl may refer to nitrophenyl, pyridylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, chlorophenyl, aminophenyl, etc., wherein the nitro, pyridyl, methoxy, chloro, and amino groups may replace any suitable hydrogen on the phenyl ring.

As a suffix, “substituted” used in relation to a first structure, molecule or group, followed by one or more names of chemical groups, refers to a second structure, molecule or group that results from replacing one or more hydrogens of the first structure, molecule or group with the one or more named chemical groups. Thus, a “phenyl substituted by nitro” refers to nitrophenyl.

The term “optionally substituted” refers to groups, structures, or molecules that are either substituted or not substituted.

It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the application may be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below. If a substituent is itself substituted with more than one group, it is understood that these multiple groups may be on the same carbon or on different carbons, as long as a stable structure results.

Heterocycle includes, for example, monocyclic heterocycles such as: aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, pyrazoline, dioxolane, sulfolane 2,3-dihydrofuran, 2,5-dihydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, thiophane, piperidine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyran, thiopyran, 2,3-dihydropyran, tetrahydropyran, 1,4-dihydropyridine, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, dioxane, homopiperidine, 2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1H-azepine homopiperazine, 1,3-dioxepane, 4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepin, and hexamethylene oxide.

In addition, heterocycle includes aromatic heterocycles, for example, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, thiophene, furan, furazan, pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, pyrazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, tetrazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-triazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole.

Additionally, heterocycle encompass polycyclic heterocycles, for example, indole, indoline, isoindoline, quinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, 1,4-benzodioxan, coumarin, dihydrocoumarin, benzofuran, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, isobenzofuran, chromene, chroman, isochroman, xanthene, phenoxathiin, thianthrene, indolizine, isoindole, indazole, purine, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, 1,2-benzisoxazole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzthiazole, benzimidazole, benztriazole, thioxanthine, carbazole, carboline, acridine, pyrolizidine, and quinolizidine.

In addition to the polycyclic heterocycles described above, heterocycle includes polycyclic heterocycles wherein the ring fusion between two or more rings includes more than one bond common to both rings and more than two atoms common to both rings. Examples of such bridged heterocycles include quinuclidine, diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.

Heterocyclyl includes, for example, monocyclic heterocyclyls, such as: aziridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, dioxolanyl, sulfolanyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, 2,5-dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, thiophanyl, piperidinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, 2,3-dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1,4-dihydropyridinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, dioxanyl, homopiperidinyl, 2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1H-azepinyl, homopiperazinyl, 1,3-dioxepanyl, 4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepinyl, and hexamethylene oxidyl.

In addition, heterocyclyl includes aromatic heterocyclyls or heteroaryl, for example, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, thienyl, furyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, and 1,3,4 oxadiazolyl.

Additionally, heterocyclyl encompasses polycyclic heterocyclyls (including both aromatic or non-aromatic), for example, indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, coumarinyl, dihydrocoumarinyl, benzofuranyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, thianthrenyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, phenanthridinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, 1,2-benzisoxazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benztriazolyl, thioxanthinyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, acridinyl, pyrolizidinyl, and quinolizidinyl.

In addition to the polycyclic heterocyclyls described above, heterocyclyl includes polycyclic heterocyclyls wherein the ring fusion between two or more rings includes more than one bond common to both rings and more than two atoms common to both rings. Examples of such bridged heterocycles include quinuclidinyl, diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl; and 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl.

The term “alkoxy,” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to radicals of the general formula —O—R, wherein R is selected from a hydrocarbon radical. Exemplary alkoxy includes methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, t-butoxy, isobutoxy, cyclopropylmethoxy, allyloxy, and propargyloxy.

The term “amine” or “amino,” used alone or as a suffix or prefix, refers to radicals of the general formula —NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently selected from hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical.

Used alone or as a prefix or suffix, “acyl” means the group —C(═O)—R, wherein R is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrogen, amino or alkoxy. Acyl groups include, for example, acetyl, propionyl, benzoyl, phenyl acetyl, carboethoxy, and dimethylcarbamoyl.

The term “C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-ester” as used herein means the group C₁-C₆alkylene-C(═O)—OR, wherein R is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl.

The term “C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-amide” as used herein means the group C₁-C₆alkylene-C(═O)—NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently, H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl.

The term “C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-acid” as used herein means the group C₁-C₆alkylene-C(═O)—OH.

“Halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

“Halogenated,” used as a prefix of a group, means one or more hydrogens on the group is replaced with one or more halogens.

A first ring group being “fused” with a second ring group means the first ring and the second ring share at least two atoms there between.

“Link,” “linked,” or “linking,” unless otherwise specified, means covalently linked or bonded.

The term “compound(s) of the application” or “compound(s) of the present application” as used herein means a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, isoform, tautomer, optical isomer, or combination thereof.

The term “composition(s) of the application” or “composition(s) of the present application” as used herein means a composition comprising at least one compound of the application and at least one an additional component, such as a carrier.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means either an acid addition salt or a basic addition salt which is compatible with the treatment of patients.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” is any non-toxic organic or inorganic acid addition salt of the base compounds represented by Formula (I) or any of its intermediates. Illustrative inorganic acids which form suitable salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid and acid metal salts such as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Illustrative organic acids which form suitable salts include the mono-, di- and tricarboxylic acids. Illustrative of such acids are, for example, acetic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, salicylic, 2-phenoxybenzoic, p-toluenesulfonic acid and other sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid and 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid. Either the mono- or di-acid salts can be formed, or such salts can exist in either a hydrated, solvated or substantially anhydrous form. In general, the acid addition salts of these compounds are more soluble in water and various hydrophilic organic solvents, and generally demonstrate higher melting points in comparison to their free base forms. The selection criteria for the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art. Other non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts e.g. oxalates may be used for example in the isolation of compounds of Formula (I) for laboratory use, or for subsequent conversion to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable basic addition salt” is any non-toxic organic or inorganic base addition salt of the acid compounds represented by Formula (I) or any of its intermediates. Illustrative inorganic bases which form suitable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or barium hydroxides. Illustrative organic bases which form suitable salts include aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic organic amines such as methylamine, trimethyl amine and picoline or ammonia. The selection of the appropriate salt may be important so that ester functionality, if any, elsewhere in the molecule is not hydrolyzed. The selection criteria for the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art.

“Solvate” means a compound of Formula (I) or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula (I) wherein molecules of a suitable solvent are incorporated in a crystal lattice. A suitable solvent is physiologically tolerable at the dosage administered as the solvate. Examples of suitable solvents are ethanol, water and the like. When water is the solvent, the molecule is referred to as a hydrate.

The term “stereoisomers” is a general term for all isomers of the individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes mirror image isomers (enantiomers), geometric (cis/trans) isomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers).

“Patient” for the purposes of the present application includes humans and other animals, particularly mammals, and other organisms. Thus the methods are applicable to both human therapy and veterinary applications. In an embodiment the patient is a mammal, and in a another embodiment the patient is human.

“Therapeutically effective amount” is an amount of a compound of the application, that when administered to a patient, ameliorates a symptom of the disease. The amount of a compound of the application which constitutes a “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease state and its severity, the age of the patient to be treated, and the like. The therapeutically effective amount can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to their knowledge and to this disclosure.

The term “treat” or “treating” means to alleviate symptoms, eliminate the causation of the symptoms either on a temporary or permanent basis, or to prevent or slow the appearance of symptoms of the named disorder or condition.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of the compound of the application, such as the compound of Formula (I), which is effective in treating the named disorder or condition.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means a non-toxic solvent, dispersant, excipient, adjuvant or other material which is mixed with the active ingredient in order to permit the formation of a pharmaceutical composition, i.e., a dosage form capable of administration to the patient.

When introducing elements disclosed herein, the articles “a”, “an”, “the”, and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “having”, “including” are intended to be open-ended and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.

In embodiments comprising an “additional” or “second” component or element, such as an additional or second compound, the second component as used herein is chemically different from the other components or first component. A “third” component is different from the other, first, and second components, and further enumerated or “additional” components are similarly different.

The term “and/or” as used herein means that the listed items are present, or used, individually or in combination. In effect, this term means that “at least one of” or “one or more” of the listed items is used or present. The term “and/or” with respect to pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and/or radiolabeled versions thereof means that the compounds of the application exist as individual salts, hydrates or radiolabeled versions, as well as a combination of, for example, a salt of a solvate of a compound of the application or a salt of a radiolabeled version of a compound of the invention.

In understanding the scope of the present application, the term “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “include” and “includes”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contain” and “contains”), are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements, or process steps.

The term “consisting” and its derivatives as used herein are intended to be closed terms that specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and/or steps, and also exclude the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers and/or steps.

The term “consisting essentially of” as used herein is intended to specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and/or steps as well as those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of features, elements, components, groups, integers, and/or steps.

The term “suitable” as used herein means that the selection of the particular compound or conditions would depend on the specific synthetic manipulation to be performed, the identity of the molecule(s) to be transformed and/or the specific use for the compound, but the selection would be well within the skill of a person trained in the art.

Terms of degree such as “substantially”, “about” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. These terms of degree should be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies or unless the context suggests otherwise to a person skilled in the art.

The term “available”, as in “available hydrogen atoms” or “available atoms” refers to atoms that would be known to a person skilled in the art to be capable of replacement by another atom or substituent.

II. Compounds and Compositions of the Application

In one embodiment of the application, there is provided a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomer or optical isomer, or combination thereof:

wherein: R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, CO₂R₆, CONHR₆, CON(R₆)₂, SO₂NHR₆, SO₂N(R₆)₂, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl, C₁-C₆-lower alkoxy, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-ester, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-amide, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-acid, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkyl-ester, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycycloalkyl, hydroxy-heterocycloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, alkylenearyl, alkyleneheteroaryl, alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylene-O-cycloalkyl, alkylene-O-heterocycloalkyl, alkylene-O-alkylene-cycloalkyl, alkylene-O-alkylene-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more independently-selected groups R₆; R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl; or R₂ and R₃ connect to form, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, a three to seven-membered ring; and R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl; or R₄ and R₅ connect to form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, a three to seven-membered ring; Q is selected from O, NR₇, S, SO and SO₂; and R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl.

In some embodiments of the application, there is provided a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomer or optical isomer, or combination thereof:

wherein: R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, CO₂R₆, CONHR₆, CON(R₆)₂, SO₂NHR₆, SO₂N(R₆)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆cyanoalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl and C₁-C₆alkylene-O—C₁-C₆alkyl; R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl and C₂-C₆alkynyl; or R₂ and R₃ connect to form, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, a 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl and C₂-C₆alkynyl; or R₄ and R₅ connect to form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring; Q is selected from O, NR₇, S, SO and SO₂; and R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl and C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the following structure:

In some embodiments, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl and C₁-C₆alkylene-O—C₁-C₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkoxy, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl and C₁-C₄alkylene-O—C₁-C₄alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy and C₁-C₂alkylene-O—C₁-C₄alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of Cl, F, CH₃, CF₃, CH₃O, CF₃O and CH₂OCH₃. In some embodiments, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of Cl, CH₃ and CF₃. In some embodiments, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of halo and haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, and C₁-C₄haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cl, F, CH₃ and CF₃. In some embodiments at least one of R₂ and R₃ is H. In some embodiments both R₂ and R₃ are H.

In some embodiments, R₂ and R₃ connect to form, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclypentyl or cyclohexyl ring.

In some embodiments, R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, and C₁-C₄haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and CH₃. In some embodiments at least one of R₄ and R₅ is H. In some embodiments both R₄ and R₅ are H. In some embodiments both R₄ and R₅ are CH₃.

In some embodiments, R₄ and R₅ connect to form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrolidine or piperadine ring.

In some embodiments, Q is selected from O and NR₇. In some embodiments R₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl and C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl. In some embodiments R₇ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁-C₄alkyl. In some embodiments R₇ is selected from the group consisting of H and CH₃.

In some embodiments, R₆ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl and C₂-C₄alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄alkyl and C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from:

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, or a stereoisomer thereof, including mixtures of stereoisomers thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, including enantiomerically pure forms thereof as was as mixtures thereof in any proportion.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, including enantiomerically pure forms thereof as was as mixtures thereof in any proportion.

Representative compounds according to the current application include, but not limited to the following examples:

-   2-[3-chloro-N-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]acetamide; -   2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]acetamide; -   (2R)-2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propanamide; -   (2S)-2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propanamide; -   2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2,2-difluoro-acetamide, -   2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]acetamide;     and/or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, solvate, tautomer,     optical isomer, or combination thereof.

It will be understood by those of skill in the art that when compounds of the present application contain one or more chiral centers, the compounds of the application may exist in, and be isolated as, enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms, or as a racemic mixture. The present application includes any possible enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates or mixtures thereof, of a compound of Formula (I). The optically active forms of the compounds of the application may be prepared, for example, by chiral chromatographic separation of a racemate or chemical or enzymatic resolution methodology, by synthesis from optically active starting materials or by asymmetric synthesis based on the procedures described hereinafter.

It will also be understood by those of skill in the art that certain compounds of the present application may exist in solvated, for example hydrated, as well as unsolvated forms. It will further be understood that the present application encompasses all such solvated forms of the compounds of Formula (I).

Within the scope of the application are also salts of the compounds of Formula (I). Generally, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the present application are obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example, by reacting a sufficiently basic compound, for example an alkyl amine with a suitable acid, for example, HCl or acetic acid, to afford a salt with a physiologically acceptable anion. It is also possible to make a corresponding alkali metal (such as sodium, potassium, or lithium) or an alkaline earth metal (such as a calcium) salt by treating a compound of the present application having a suitably acidic proton, such as a carboxylic acid or a phenol, with one equivalent of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or alkoxide (such as the ethoxide or methoxide), or a suitably basic organic amine (such as choline or meglumine) in an aqueous medium, followed by conventional purification techniques. Additionally, quaternary ammonium salts can be prepared by the addition of alkylating agents, for example, to neutral amines.

The compounds of Formulas (I) may crystallize in more than one form, a characteristic known as polymorphism, and such polymorphic forms (“polymorphs”) are within the scope of Formula (I). Polymorphism generally can occur as a response to changes in temperature, pressure, or both. Polymorphism can also result from variations in the crystallization process. Polymorphs can be distinguished by various physical characteristics known in the art such as x-ray diffraction patterns, solubility, and melting point. Certain of the compounds of the application contain one or more chiral centers, or may otherwise be capable of existing as multiple stereoisomers. The scope of the present application includes mixtures of stereoisomers as well as purified enantiomers or enantiomerically/diastereomerically enriched mixtures. Also included within the scope of the application are the individual isomers of the compounds represented by Formula (I), as well as any wholly or partially equilibrated mixtures thereof. The present application also includes the individual isomers of the compounds represented by the formulas above as mixtures with isomers thereof in which one or more chiral centers are inverted.

The compounds of the application may be used in their labelled or unlabelled form. In the context of this application the labelled compound has one or more atoms replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. The labelling will allow easy quantitative detection of said compound.

In one embodiment of the compounds of the present application may be useful as diagnostic tools, radio tracers, or monitoring agents in various diagnostic methods, and for in vivo receptor imaging. In an embodiment, the labelled isomer of the application contains at least one radionuclide as a label. Positron emitting radionuclides are all candidates for usage. In an embodiment of the application the radionuclide is selected from ²H (deuterium), ³H (tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, and ¹⁸F. The physical method for detecting the labelled isomer of the present application may be selected from Position Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Imaging Computed Tomography (SPECT), Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Axial X-ray Tomography (CAT), or combinations thereof.

In another one embodiment of the present application, the compound of Formula (I) may be converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, particularly, an acid addition salt such as a hydrochloride, hydrobromide, phosphate, acetate, fumarate, maleate, tartrate, citrate, methanesulphonate or p-toluenesulphonate. Examples of further pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for use in the present application include those derived from mineral acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulfuric acids, and organic acids, such as tartaric, acetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, glycolic, gluconic, succinic, p-toluenesulphonic and arylsulphonic acids, for example. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts for use in the present application include those derived from non-toxic metals such as sodium or potassium, ammonium salts and organoamino salts such as triethylamine salts. Numerous appropriate such salts will be known to those of ordinary skill.

In another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient. In a further aspect, the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) to treat medical conditions such as epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders; such compositions can comprise a compound of Formula (I) in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, excipients and/or inert carriers.

For pharmaceutical use, the compounds of the present application are, for instance, administered orally, sublingually, rectally, nasally, vaginally, topically (including the use of a patch or other transdermal delivery device), by pulmonary route by use of an aerosol, or parenterally, including, for example, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intra-arterially, intravenously or intrathecally. Administration can be by means of a pump for periodic or continuous delivery. The compounds of the application are administered alone, or are combined with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or excipient according to standard pharmaceutical practice. For the oral mode of administration, the compounds of the application are used in the form of tablets, capsules, lozenges, chewing gum, troches, powders, syrups, elixirs, aqueous solutions and suspensions, and the like. In the case of tablets, carriers that are used include lactose, sodium citrate and salts of phosphoric acid. Various disintegrants such as starch, and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate and talc, are commonly used in tablets. For oral administration in capsule form, useful diluents are lactose and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring agents are added. For parenteral administration, sterile solutions of the compounds of the application are usually prepared, and the pHs of the solutions are suitably adjusted and buffered. For intravenous use, the total concentration of solutes should be controlled to render the preparation isotonic. For ocular administration, ointments or droppable liquids may be delivered by ocular delivery systems known to the art such as applicators or eye droppers. Such compositions can include mucomimetics such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or polyvinyl alcohol, preservatives such as ascorbic acid, EDTA or benzylchromium chloride, and the usual quantities of diluents and/or carriers. For pulmonary administration, diluents and/or carriers will be selected to be appropriate to allow the formation of an aerosol.

Suppository forms of the compounds of the application are useful for vaginal, urethral and rectal administrations. Such suppositories will generally be constructed of a mixture of substances that is solid at room temperature but melts at body temperature. The substances commonly used to create such vehicles include theobroma oil, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weight and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. For examples, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th Ed. (Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa., 1980, pp. 1530-1533) for further discussion of suppository dosage forms. Analogous gels or creams can be used for vaginal, urethral and rectal administrations.

Numerous administration vehicles will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, including without limitation slow release formulations, liposomal formulations and polymeric matrices.

III. Methods of Use of the Application

In yet another aspect of the present application, there is provided a method for treating at least one of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition of the application. In a further aspect, the mammal is a human. In still a further aspect, the compound or composition is administered orally and/or parenterally. In yet another aspect, the compound or composition is administered intravenously and/or intraperitoneally.

In another aspect, there is provided use of the compound of Formula (I) in the treatment of at least of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders.

In yet a further aspect there is provided the use of the compound or composition of the application for manufacture of a medicament for treatment of at least one of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders. In yet a further aspect there is provided the use of the compound or composition of the application for treatment of at least one of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders in a mammal. In a further aspect, the mammal is a human. In still a further aspect, the compound or composition is administrable orally and/or parenterally. In yet another aspect, the compound or composition is administrable intravenously and/or intraperitoneally.

The physician or other health care professional can select the appropriate dose and treatment regimen based on, for example, the subject's weight, age, and physical condition. Dosages will generally be selected to maintain a serum level of compounds of the application between about 0.01 μg/cc and about 1000 μg/cc, for example, between about 0.1 μg/cc and about 100 μg/cc. For parenteral administration, an alternative measure of an exemplary amount to be used or administered is from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg (alternatively, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg), or from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg (from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg). For oral administrations, an alternative measure of an exemplary administration amount is from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg (from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg), or from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg (from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg). For administrations in suppository form, an alternative measure of an exemplary administration amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg.

IV. Methods of Preparation of the Compounds of the Application

The application additionally provides a process for the preparation of compounds of Formula (I).

Compounds of the present application can be prepared by various synthetic processes. The selection of a particular process to prepare a given compound of Formula (I) is within the purview of the person of skill in the art. The choice of particular structural features and/or substituents may therefore influence the selection of one process over another.

Some starting materials for preparing compounds of the present application are available from commercial chemical sources. Other starting compounds, as described below, are readily prepared from available precursors using straightforward transformations that are well known in the art.

The compounds of the application may be made by a variety of methods, including well-known standard synthetic methods. Illustrative general synthetic methods are set out below and then specific compounds of the application are prepared in the working Examples.

In all of the schemes described below, protecting groups for sensitive or reactive groups are employed where necessary in accordance with general principles of synthetic chemistry. Protecting groups are manipulated according to standard methods of organic synthesis (T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts (1991) Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, incorporated by reference with regard to protecting groups). These groups are removed at a convenient stage of the compound synthesis using methods that are readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The selection of processes as well as the reaction conditions and order of their execution shall be consistent with the preparation of compounds of Formula (I).

Those skilled in the art will recognize if a stereo-center exists in compounds of Formula (I). Accordingly, the present application includes all possible stereoisomers and includes not only racemic compounds but the individual enantiomers as well. When a compound is desired as a single enantiomer, such may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis or by resolution of the final product or any convenient intermediate. Resolution of the final product, an intermediate, or a starting material may be affected by any suitable method known in the art. See, for example, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds by E. L. Eliel, S. H. Wilen, and L. N. Mander (Wiley-Interscience, 1994), incorporated by reference with regard to stereochemistry.

Within these general guidelines, the compounds of Formula (I) generally can be prepared according to the methods illustrated in Schemes I to IV. Variables in these methods are as defined for Formula (I) herein above unless otherwise specified.

The compounds of this application wherein R₁ is as defined above and Q is NR₇ wherein R₇ is defined as above can be prepared according to three different methods (1), (2) and (3) (Scheme I). As exemplified by method (1), the alkylation of electron deficient aryl or heteroaryl aniline (A), a non-limiting example of which is (3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amine, with halo-acetic acid tert-butyl ester (B), a non-limiting example of which is bromo-acetic acid tert-butyl ester, in the presence of a base, a non-limiting example of which is potassium or cesium carbonate, in a polar solvent, non-limiting examples of which are acetonitrile and dimethylformamide, to afford the corresponding amino-acetic acid tert-butyl ester (C), which is treated with acid, such as TFA in dichloromethane, yielding the corresponding carboxylic acid intermediates (D), that are subsequently transformed to the final amide compounds of Formula (I). Alternatively, amide compounds of the present application can be synthesized using method (2) by N—C coupling bond-formation between a secondary or primary amine (G). For example halo-aryl or halo-heteroaryl moieties (F), in the presence of catalyst, base and solvent, a non-limiting example of which is Pd(Ph₃)₄, potassium carbonate in DMF, lead to the intermediate (C), and subsequent transformations as in method (1) yields the expected amide compounds of Formula (I). The third method of secondary aniline synthesis is outlined by method (3) that involves C—N bond-formation between the appropriate amino-amide intermediates (H) and (F) in the same reaction conditions as in the method (2) lead to the final amide compounds of Formula (I).

On the other hand, the compounds of the application wherein R₁ is as defined above and Q is O can be prepared according to methods (4), (5), (6) and (7) described in Scheme II. Thus, as outlined in method (4), the alkylation of free hydroxyl of aryl or heteroaryl (E), a non-limiting example of which is 3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenol, with halo-acetic acid tert-butyl ester (B), a non-limiting example of which is bromo-acetic acid tert-butyl ester, in the presence of a base, a non-limiting example of which is potassium or cesium carbonate in a polar solvent, non-limiting examples of which are acetonitrile and dimethylformamide, to afford the corresponding amino-acetic acid tert-butyl esters (K), which were subsequently transformed to the final amide compounds of Formula (I) as in method (4). Alternatively, amide compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared according to method (5) by direct alkylation of the hydroxyl of aryl or heteroaryl (E) and halo-acetamide, a non-limiting example of which is 2-bromo-acetamide, as in method (1) leads to the final amides of Formula (I). Alternatively, the final amide compounds of Formula (I) can be synthesized as outlined by method (6) (Scheme II), that involves Mitsonubu reaction between an appropriate hydroxy-ester (O), a non-limiting example of which is hydroxy-acetic acid tert-butyl ester, and hydroxyl of aryl or heteroaryl (E), in the presence of DEAD and P(Ph)₃ in THF as solvent, providing the intermediate (K), that is subsequently transformed to the final amide compounds as outlined above in method (1). The fourth method of synthesis of the compounds of Formula (I) is outlined in method (7) that involves Mitsunobu coupling reaction between 2-hydroxy-acetamide intermediate (O), a non-limiting example of which is 2-hydroxy-acetamide, as in method (6).

The compounds of this application wherein R₁ is as defined above and Q is S can be synthesized, for example, according to method (8) described in Scheme III (Peng et al., Chem. Med. Chem., 2009, 4(9), 1457-1468; Lee et al., J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56(11), 5346; Kielbasinski et al., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry., 2008, 19(5), 562-567).

In Schemes I-III, R₁—R₅ are as defined in the compounds of Formula I.

EXAMPLES

The above disclosure generally describes the present application. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific Examples. These Examples are described solely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the application. Changes in form and substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation.

Abbreviations

atm Atmosphere

aq. Aqueous

BINAP 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl

Boc tert-butoxycarbonyl

DCM Dichloromethane

DEA N,N-Diisopropyl ethylamine

DIBAL-H Diisobutylaluminium hydride

DIC N,N′-Diisopropylcarbodiimide

DMAP N,N-Dimethyl-4-aminopyridine

DMF Dimethylformamide

DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide

DPPF Diphenylphosphinoferrocene

Et₂O Diethylether

EtOAc Ethyl acetate

EtOH Ethanol

EtI Iodoethane

Et Ethyl

Fmoc 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl

hr(s) hour(s)

mins minutes

HetAr Heteroaryl

HPLC High performance liquid chromatography

LAH Lithium aluminium hydride

LCMS HPLC mass spec

MCPBA m-Chlorbenzoic acid

MeCN Acetonitrile

MeOH Methanol

Min Minutes

MeI Iodomethane

Me Methyl

n-BuLi 1-Butyllithium

NaOAc Sodium acetate

NaOH Sodium hydroxide

NaH Sodium hydride

NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance

NMP N-Methyl pyrrolidinone

NMM N-Methyl morpholine

ON Over Night

RT Room Temperature

TEA Triethylamine

THF Tetrahydrofurane

OMs Mesylate or methane sulfonate ester

OTs Tosylate, toluene sulfonate or 4-methylbenzene sulfonate ester

PCC Pyridinium chlorochromate

PPTS Pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate

TBAF Tetrabutylammonium fluoride

pTsOH p-Toluenesulfonic acid

SPE Solid phase extraction (usually containing silica gel for mini-chromatography)

sat. Saturated

Gp Protecting group

Unless otherwise indicated, all temperatures are expressed in ° C. (degrees Centigrade). All reactions conducted under an inert atmosphere at room temperature unless otherwise noted.

¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian VXR-300, a Varian Unity-300, a Varian Unity-400 instrument. Chemical shifts are expressed in parts per million (ppm, δ units). Coupling constants are in units of hertz (Hz). Splitting patterns describe apparent multiplicities and are designated as s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiple.), or b (broad).

Example 1: Representative Synthesis of Exemplary Compounds of the Application

Exemplary compounds I(A) to I(F) of the present application are as illustrated in the following Table 1, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, optical isomers, and combinations thereof:

TABLE 1 Compound # Chemical Structure Nomenclature I(A)

2-[(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)- methyl-amino]-acetamide I(B)

2-[3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)- phenoxy]acetamide I(C)

(2S)-2-[3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)- phenoxy]propanamide I(D)

(2R)-2-[3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)- phenoxy]propanamide I(E)

2-[3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]- 2,2-difluoro-acetamide I(F)

2-[3,5 bis(trifluoromethyl)- phenoxy]acetamide;

Preparation of 2-[3-chloro-N-methyl-5-(trifluoro-methyl) anilino]acetamide (Compound 1(A))

(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (2)

To a solution of (3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl)aniline (1, 10.0 g, 43.64 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) was added triethylamaine (7.3 mL), DMAP (0.54 g) and Boc)₂O (11.5 g, 52.72 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 48 hrs. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (200 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted twice with 150 ml. The organic layer was washed with Na₂CO₃ (sat.) solution and brine. Organic layer was concentrated and the crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (6-10% EtOAc/hexanes) to give (3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (2) as a white solid (8 g, 75.4%). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 1.53 (s, 9H).

(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amine (3)

To a solution of (3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (2, 5 g, 15.2 mmol) in 100 mL of 1,4-dioxane was added LiAlH₄ (2.3 g, 60.8 mmol) portion-wise, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 1.5 hr. The crude was then poured into ice-water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were collected, dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated under vacuum. After chromatographic purification on silica gel using (10-15% EtOAc/hexanes) to give (3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amine as a yellowish oil (3, 2.3 g, 64%). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.91 (s, 2H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 4.15 (broad s, 1H), 1.53 (s, 1H), 2.90 (d, 3H).

[(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amino]-acetic acid tert-butylester (4)

To a solution of (3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amine (3, 0.83 g, 3.41 mmol) in 15 mL DMF, was added NaH (0.123 g, 5.12 mmol) at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min. Then tBu-bromoacetate (1.33 g, 6.82 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 days. The crude was then poured into ice-water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were collected, dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated under vacuum. After chromatographic purification on silica gel using (10% EtOAc/hexanes) to give [(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amino]-acetic acid tert-butylester (4, 1.16 g, 96%) as white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.99 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

[(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amino]-acetic acid (5)

To a solution of (3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amine (4, 1 g, 2.8 mmol) in 10 mL CH₂Cl₂, was added TFA (5 ml) at 00° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. Excess of TFA and solvent were removed. The crude material was then titrated with hexane [(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amino]-acetic acid (5, 0.845 g, 100%) as white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.00 (s, 2H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 3.13 (s, 3H).

2-[(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amino]-acetamide (I(A))

To a solution of [(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amino]-acetic acid (5, 0.85 g, 2.82 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL), was added oxalyl chloride (0.955 ml, 11.28 mmol) dropwise, followed by addition of catalytic amount of DMF (3 drops). After evaporation to dryness, the crude acid chloride was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL), and then 7 ml of NH₄OH (30% water) was added in three portions. The mixture then was stirred at room temperature for another 2 hrs. The solution was then diluted with H₂O (25 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted twice with 50 ml of CH₂CO₂. The organic layer was washed with Na₂CO₃ (sat.) solution and brine. Organic layer was concentrated and the crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography with 100% EtOAc as eluant) to give 2-[(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methyl-amino]-acetamide as a white solid (0.45 g, 53%). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.06 (s, 2H), 6.09 (bs, 1H), 5.71 (bs, 1H), 3.99 (s, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H).

Preparation of 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]acetamide (Compound I(B))

Method A:

(3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester (7)

3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenol (6, 1.0 g, 5.087 mmol) was dissolved in THF (15 mL), and to this solution was added K₂CO₃ (2.1 g, 15.31 mmol). The mixture was placed under nitrogen and allowed to stir for 1 hour and then cooled in an ice bath. tert-Butyl 2-bromoacetate (1.2 g, 6.098 mmol) was added via syringe. The solution was removed from the ice bath and warmed to room temperature at which time TLC indicated the reaction had gone to completion. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The resulting solid was dissolved in water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×60 mL). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The crude product (7) was obtained as a yellowish powder, and used in the next step without further purification (1.55 g, 100%): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Using the above procedure, the following compounds were synthesized as illustrated in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Compound # Structure Name Yield 7.1

3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl- phenoxy)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester 2.99 g, (100%) NMR ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 4.46 (s, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H). 7.2

(3-Chloro-5 trifluoromethylphenoxy)- difluoro-acetic acid ethyl ester 0.51 g, (30%) NMR ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 7.37 (s, 2H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 4.2 (q, 2H), 1.31 (t, 3H).

(3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid (8)

To a solution of (3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester (7, 1.5 g, 4.83 mmol) in 10 mL CH₂Cl₂, was added TFA (5 ml) at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. Excess of TFA and solvent were removed. The crude material was then titrated with hexane to provide (3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid (8, 1.23 g, 100%) as yellowish powder. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 4.44 (s, 2H).

Using the above procedure, the following compound was synthesized as illustrated in Table 3:

TABLE 3 Compound # Structure Name Yield 8.1

((3,5-Bis trifluoromethyl- phenoxy)-acetic acid 2.5 g, 100% NMR ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 4.44 (s, 2H).

2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]acetamide (Compound I(B))

To a solution of (3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid (8, 1.5 g, 5.087 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL), was added oxalyl chloride (0.955 ml, 11.28 mmol) dropwise, followed by addition of catalytic amount of DMF (3 drops), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. After evaporation to dryness, the crude acid chloride was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL), and then 7 ml of NH₄OH (30% water) was added in three portions. The mixture then was stirred at room temperature for another 2 hrs. The solution was then diluted with H₂O (25 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted twice with 50 ml of CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed with Na₂CO₃ (sat.) solution and brine. Organic layer was concentrated and the crude material was purified by a short silica gel chromatography column using 50% EtOAc/Hexane as eluant to provide 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]acetamide as a white solid (1.25 g, 97%). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 6.49 (bs, 1H), 5.85 (bs, 1H), 4.52 (s, 2H).

In a similar manner Compound I(E) was synthesized as illustrated in Table 4:

TABLE 4 Compound # Structure Name Yield IE

2-(3-Chloro-5 trifluoro- methyl-phenoxy)- 2,2-difluoro- acetamide 0.75 g, 56.5% NMR ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 6.35 (bs, 1H), 5.88 (bs, 1H), 4.52 (s, 2H).

Method B:

Alternative method for the preparation of 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]acetamide (Compound 1(B)):

3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester (9)

To a solution of 3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenol (6, 1.0 g, 5.087 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added 1.2 equivalent of hydroxy-acetic acid methyl ester. To this solution was added under nitrogen-atmosphere dropwise during 1 hour a solution of DEAD (5.59 mmol) in THF (30 mL), followed by 1.2 eq. of triphenylphosphine, The reaction mixture was subsequently stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The THF was evaporated and diethyl ether, or a mixture of diethyl ether and hexane, was added in order to precipitate the formed triphenylphosphine oxide, which was filtered off. The crude product was loaded on silica gel and purified by a short chromatography column, to yield the desired compound 3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester (9, 1.2 g, 95%) as colorless viscous oil. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 2.2 (s, 3H).

Using the above procedure, the following compounds were synthesized as illustrated in Table 5:

TABLE 5 Compound # Structure Name Yield 9.1

(S)-2-(3-Chloro-5- trifluoromethyl- phenoxy)-propionic acid methyl ester 1.29 g, 90.2% yield NMR ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 4.69 (q, 1H), 2.75 (s, 3H), 1.61 (d, 3H). 9.2

(R)-2-(3-Chloro-5- trifluoromethyl- phenoxy)-propionic acid methyl ester 1.38 g, 97% yield NMR ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 4.70 (q, 1H), 2.75 (s, 3H), 1.61 (d, 3H). 9.3

(3,5-Bis- trifluoromethyl- phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester 1.2 g, 100% yield NMR ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.23 (s, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H).

2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]acetamide (Compound 1(B))

To a solution of (3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester (9, 1 g, 3.72 mmol) in THF (20 mL), 7 ml of NH₄OH (30% water) was added at 00° C. in three portions. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight. After evaporation to dryness, the crude product was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and 25 mL water was added. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with 50 ml of EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated to provide the crude material that was purified by a short silica gel chromatography column using 70% EtOAc/Hexane as eluant to provide 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]acetamide as a white solid.

In a similar manner the following compounds were synthesized as illustrated in Table 6:

TABLE 6 Compound # Structure Name Yield IC

(S)-2-(3-Chloro-5- trifluoromethyl- phenoxy) propionamide 0.94 g, 83% NMR ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 6.27 (bs, 1H), 5.60 (bs, 1H), 4.70 (q, 1H), 1.62 (d, 3H). I(D)

(S)-2-(3-Chloro-5- trifluoromethyl- phenoxy) propionamide 0.84 g, 66% NMR ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 6.29 (bs, 1H), 5.79 (bs, 1H), 4.70 (q, 1H), 1.62 (d, 3H). I(F)

(2-(3,5-Bis- trifluoromethyl- phenoxy)- acetamide 6.5 g, 96% NMR ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.11 (s, 2H), 6.45 (bs, 1H), 5.85 (bs, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H).

Example 2: The Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) Rat Model (Epilepsy Indication)

Animals and Housing:

Male, Sprague-Dawley rats and CD-1 mice were used for all studies. All animals were allowed ad-lib access to food and water except during experiment. Animals were housed within an animal vivarium maintained under a 12 h light:dark cycle (lights on: 07:00 h), and all experiments were conducted in the animals light phase. For all experiments, animals were habituated to the vivarium for a minimum of 72 h before experimentation. The experimental procedures used in the present investigation were conducted under the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) and the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) guidelines.

All compounds were sonicated in 5% Tween 80® in saline or methylcellulose 0.5% (wgt/vol), using MC and sterile water and injected in a dose volume of 5 ml/kg or 10 ml/kg (rat), and 10 ml/kg (mouse). Drugs were administered by either the oral, intraperitoneal or intravenous route.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats of body weight 80-100 g were used for these studies. Each experiment was conducted over 3 consecutive days. On day 1 and 2, each rat received a single electrical stimulus (150 mA, 0.2 s duration, 60 Hz) via corneal electrodes moistened with saline (Shock stimulator type 221: Harvard apparatus). Only rats that displayed a full tonic extensor on day 1 and 2 were entered into the drug study conducted on day 3. Typically this reflected approximately 70-90% of the initial group. In this way, rats which did not produce a reliable tonic extensor to the MES stimulus were excluded from the experiment.

On the test day following a defined drug pretreatment period, rats received a maximal electroshock (150 mA, 0.2 s duration, 60 Hz) via corneal electrodes. Protection was defined as absence of a full tonic seizure within 10 s of stimulus delivery. Twenty minutes before the MES procedure, the animals were tested on a fixed speed rotorod (best score from 3 trials at 8 r.p.m, trial duration=60 s) to give an early assessment of drug effect on gross motor function.

Several exemplary compounds of the application were active in this assay, with ED₅₀ values of below 50 mg/kg in rat (po) as illustrated in the following Table 7:

TABLE 7 MES (po) ED₅₀ Rotorod (po) ED₅₀ Compound # mg/kg [0.5 hour] mg/kg [0.5 hour] PI I(A) 48 ± 1.1 >500 >10 I(D) 22.7 ± 0    >500 >22 I(F) 18.4 >500 >27

Example 3: s.c Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) Mouse Model (Epilepsy Indication)

Sixty minutes following drug or vehicle pretreatment, all mice received a single subcutaneous injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 85 mg/kg). The animals were then transferred to single observation cages (dimension: 11.5″×7.5″×5″) and observed continuously for 30 min. Preliminary experiments established that at the 85 mg/kg s.c dose of PTZ, at least one single episode of clonic seizure was elicited in >95% of control animals. Protection was defined as complete absence of a clonic seizure over the 30 min observation period. In the event of a seizure, the onset latency from PTZ injection was recorded.

Several exemplary compounds of the application demonstrated anticonvulsant activity in this assay, with ED₅₀ values of below 100 mg/kg in mice (ip).

Example 4: Mouse 6 Hz Model (Epilepsy Indication)

Sixty minutes following drug or vehicle pretreatment, all mice received an electrical stimulus (6 Hz, 0.2 ms pulse width, 3 s duration, 32 mA) via corneal electrodes moistened with saline (ECT unit 57800; Ugo Basile). Preliminary experiments established that these stimulus parameters elicited a psychomotor seizure, defined as the expression of at least one of the following behaviors: stun/immobility, forelimb clonus, straub tail, vibrissae tremor, lateral head movement in >95% of control animals. Protection was defined as complete absence of all the above behaviors within 20 s of stimulus delivery. The effective dose of compound necessary to protect against psychomotor seizures to 50% of controls (i.e. ED₅₀) was determined by curve fitting program (Prism v.4.02).

Several exemplary compounds of the application demonstrated anticonvulsant activity in this assay, with ED₅₀ values of below 100 mg/kg in mice (ip) as illustrated in the following Table 8:

TABLE 8 6 Hz (ip) ED₅₀ Rotorod (po) ED₅₀ Compound # mg/kg [0.5 hour] mg/kg [0.5 hour] PI I(A) 62.5 ± 1 >160 >2.5 I(D) 48.5 ± 1 >170 >3.5 I(F) 38.5 ± 1 >130 >3.3

Example 5: Hippocampal Kindled Rat Model (Focal Seizures)

Hippocampal Kindled Rat Test is designed to quantify the anti-convulsant effects of a test compound in the kindled rat model. Rats treated by i.p. injection.

The Kindled Rat is a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, which is the most common and drug-resistant type of adult focal epilepsy (Morimoto et al., 2004). In this model, repetitive electrical stimulation of the hippocampus causes progressively stronger seizure responses triggered by stimuli that initially did not elicit such responses. This acquired hyper-responsiveness is called kindling and results not only in increased seizure responses but also in an elongation of the after-discharge duration seen on an EEC recording.

Electrodes are implanted into the hippocampus of anesthetized rats, which are then allowed to recover for one week. Following the rapid kindling protocol (Lothman and Williamson, Brain Res 1994, 649:71-84), the rats are stimulated with 200 jiA for 10 s, 50 Hz, every 30 minutes for six hours on alternate days until they are fully kindled (4-5 stimulus days). After one week of rest, the animals are given the same electrical stimulus which serves as a baseline. The animals are pretreated with the test compound (generally via i.p. injection) and then tested at various intervals. At each time point, the behavioral seizure score (BSS) and after-discharge duration (ADD) is recorded. The BSS's are scored according to the following criteria (Racine, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1972, 32:281-94): Stage 1—mouth and facial clonus; Stage 2—stage 1 plus head nodding; Stage 3—stage 2 plus forelimb clonus; Stage 4—stage 3 plus rearing; and Stage 5—stage 4 plus repeated rearing and falling.

The after discharge threshold (ADT) can also be measured in the kindled rat. The ADT is defined as the lowest current at which an after discharge of at least 4 s is elicited. On the day of the test the individual ADT of each rat is determined by increasing the current intensity in a stepwise fashion until the rat displays an electrographic after discharge with duration of at least 4 sec. The initial stimulation is conducted at an intensity of 20 uA with 10 uA increments every 1-2 min until an after discharge is elicited. Fifteen minutes after the pre-drug threshold determination, a single dose of the test substance is administered to two animals in a volume of 0.04 ml/10 g body weight. In this way the animals serves as its own control. The individual rat ADT is then determined at varying times (i.e., 0.25, 1, 2, and 4 hr) after drug administration.

Exemplary compounds of the application were effective in this model. For example, both compounds I(D) and I(F) (<100 mg/kg i.p.) produced a dose related suppression of fully kindled (stage 5) seizures compared to vehicle controls.

Example 6: Amygdala Kindled Rat Model (Focal Seizures)

Amygdala kindling model is an animal model for complex partial seizures, which is the most common type of epilepsy in adults and is often drug resistant.

Exemplary compounds of the application were effective in this model. For example, both compounds I(D) and I(E) (<60 mg/kg i.p.) produced a dose related suppression of fully kindled (stage 5) seizures compared to vehicle controls.

Example 7: Lamotrigine (LTG) Resistant Amygdala Kindled Seizure Rat Model

The LTG-resistant amygdala kindled rat model is useful for not only identifying compounds effective against secondarily generalized partial seizures, but also allows for the differentiation of compounds that may be effective in therapy-resistant patients. Daily administration of lamotrigine (LTG; 5 mg/kg) during the kindling acquisition phase does not prevent the development of kindling in the test animals but leads to a LTG-resistant state in the fully kindled rat. Other sodium channel blockers, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, also do not block kindling acquisition despite being highly effective against fully kindled seizures in drug-naïve rats. Conversely, valproate can both prevent kindling development and block the expression of fully kindled seizures. The addition of the traditional ASDs, carbamazepine or lamotrigine, during the development of kindled seizures in this model will ultimately impair the effectiveness of lamotrigine against a fully expressed kindled seizure. These findings suggest that the presence of lamotrigine during the epileptogenic process leads to a subsequent resistance to other Na+ channel blockers, thereby making this a useful model of pharmaco-resistance. This model may serve as a means to identify compounds which may be effective against therapy-resistant seizures. Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) are surgically implanted with an electrode into the left amygdala. Animals are then allowed to recover for one week before commencing kindling. The kindling procedure consists of delivering a 200 μAmp stimulus (suprathreshold) daily until all animals in both treatment groups display consistent Stage 4 or 5 seizures. One week after all animals are kindled, the animals receive a challenge dose of LTG (30 mg/kg, i.p.) before being stimulated to confirm the LTG sensitivity of the vehicle-treated control animals, as well as the LTG-resistance of the LTG-treated group. The animals are then allowed a washout of 3 days. On day 3 of the washout, the animals are pre-stimulated to ensure recovery of the fully kindled seizure. On day 4, kindled rats are challenged with a dose of an investigational agent (the dose that produced minimal motor impairment) and then challenged with the kindling stimulus at the predetermined TPE of the investigational drug. When a drug treatment is observed to significantly lower seizure score and decrease afterdischarge, a dose-response study can be conducted. For this study, the ability of a candidate substance to reduce afterdischarge duration (ADD) and behavioral seizure scores (BSS) is quantitated by varying the dose between 0 and 100% effect. Unlike other acute seizure tests conducted by the ETSP, each kindled rat is allowed at least 3-4 days between tests to “washout” any investigational compound after testing. The average seizure scores ±S.E.M. and afterdischarge duration (ADD) are noted, as are the number of animals protected from seizure (defined as a Racine score <3) over the number of animals tested.

The following procedure is used for surgical implantation of Electrodes. Male Spraque-Dawey rats are anesthetized using 1-3% isoflurane or a Ketamine/Xylazine cocktail. Ketamine is provided as 100 mg/ml solution, and dose 50 mg/kg given i.p. Xylazine is provided as 100 mg/ml solution, and dose 20 mg/kg given i.p. Mix the two solutions together in one syringe and administer i.p as one injection. Rat is monitored through surgery. If the rat is responsive to a tail pinch administer half the dose of Ketamine/xylazine or increase the isoflurane percentage. Administer buprenorphine at 0.02 mg/kg s.c. for pain management. An electric razor is used to shave the surface of the head. The rat is placed on an external heat source on the stereotaxic apparatus such that the height of the incisor bar and the positioning of the ear bars ensure consistency with the reference atlas. The entire scalp is scrubbed with betadine (3×) and wiped with alcohol. Ophthalmic ointment is applied to each eye. All instruments are sterilized via autoclave before beginning surgery. During surgery instruments are placed on a sterile drape. For subsequent surgeries on the same day, instruments can be placed into the hot bead sterilizer between surgeries. Stainless steel screws and electrodes are sterilized in 70% alcohol and place on a sterile drape. A sterile scalpel blade is used to make a midline scalp incision beginning from a point even with the eyes and extending back to and imaginary line connecting the ear. The fascia should be gently split and pulled away by from the scalp. The incision can be held open using retractors/forceps. Screw holes are drilled without penetrating the dura using a Dermal™ drill and four anchor screws are attached to the skull. The bipolar stimulating electrode is implanted through a fourth hole drilled in the left amygdala (anterio-posterior,AP, +5.7 mm, medio-lateral, ML, +4.5 mm,dorso-ventral, DV, +2.0 mm from intra-aural zero). The electrode assembly is anchored to the skull via stainless steel screws with dental acrylic cement. After the incision is closed with sutures, antibiotic ointment is applied around the incision site. The rat is given a dose of penicillin 60,000 units s.c. and rimidyl injectable 0.03 mg/kg. Rat is left on the heat source until ambulatory.

Exemplary compounds of the application were effective in this model. For example, compound I(D) dose-dependently reduced the seizure score (seizure severity) in vehicle and LTG-resistant treated animals with an EC₅₀ of 32.55±3.58 mg/kg as illustrated in the following Table 9:

TABLE 9 Seizure Dose Time Score ± Duration (mg/kg, i.p) (hr) SEM (sec) ± SD N/F⁽¹⁾ Control 0.0  5 ± 0.0 148 ± 0.0  0/2 10 0.25  5 ± 0.0 158.5 ± 21.5  0/2 25 0.25 4.4 ± 0.6 71.0 ± 13.61 1/5 37.5 0.25  3.2 ± 0.75 54.2 ± 10.38 3/5 50 0.25 0.83 ± 0.17 71.0 ± 13.61 6/6 ⁽¹⁾Number of animals active over the number tested

Example 8: The Hippocampal Kindled Rat Model

Ability of a compound to block behavioral seizures and/or decrease the afterdischarge duration (ADD) in a hippocampal kindled rat model. The hippocampal kindled rat provides an experimental model of focal seizures that become secondarily generalized. This rat model is useful for not only identifying compounds effective against partial seizures, but also allows for the investigation of complex brain networks that may contribute to seizure spread and generalization from a focus. Moreover, of the various electrical kindling paradigms described in the literature, the hippocampal kindling model offers several distinct advantages for the routine screening and evaluation of potential anticonvulsant compounds. First, this model provides a temporal framework for assessing drug efficacy in a focal seizure model. Specifically, the refractory period of individual animals is sufficiently short to permit repeated stimulations over a short time span. Second, this kindled rat model can be employed to assess the ability of an investigational compound to block fully kindled seizures evoked by an electrical stimulus. Finally, the hippocampal kindled rat model can also be used to assess the ability of an investigational compound to elevate threshold to focal firing modulation by an investigational drug. Therefore, compounds with a subtle effect on focal seizure activity in the kindled rat are not likely to be overlooked in the threshold test, thereby making the hippocampal kindled rat a useful screen at the ETSP.

Methods:

Animals are first surgically prepared for kindling acquisition. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats (275-300 g) are surgically implanted with bipolar electrodes. Briefly, a bipolar electrode is stereoaxically implanted into the ventral hippocampus (AP −3.6, ML −4.9, VD −5.0 from dura, incisor bar +5.0) under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. Animals are allowed to recover for one week before the kindling regimen begins. The rapid hippocampal kindling paradigm consists of applying a repeated stimulation regimen on alternating days for a total of 5 stimulus days, as described previously. During the stimulation regimen, a 50 Hz, 10 sec train of 1 ms biphasic 200 μA pulses is delivered every 30 min for 6 hours, thereby giving 12 stimulations per stimulus day. Once animals are kindled to consistently present with a Stage 5 behavioral seizure, the test compound is evaluated for its ability to modify the fully expressed kindled seizure and afterdischarge duration after a one-week, stimulation-free period.

Unlike other acute seizure tests conducted by the ETSP, each kindled rat is allowed at least 5 days between tests to “washout” any investigational compound after testing. Candidate compounds are evaluated for their ability to block fully kindled secondarily generalized seizures after kindling acquisition. The behavioral seizure scores (BSS) are rated according to the following criteria:

Stage 1—mouth and facial clonus

Stage 2—stage 1 plus head nodding

Stage 3—stage 2 plus forelimb clonus

Stage 4—stage 3 plus rearing

Stage 5—stage 4 plus repeated rearing and falling.

The mean values and S.E.M. are calculated for the ADD and p values is determined by Student's t-test. Significant differences in BSS from control and treated groups are determined by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test, with p<0.05 determined to be statistically significant.

Exemplary compounds of the application were effective in this model. For example, compound I(D) dose-dependently reduced the seizure score (seizure severity) in vehicle and LTG-resistant treated animals with an EC₅₀ of 49.4±1.47 mg/kg as illustrated in Table 10:

TABLE 10 Dose Individual Average (mg/kg) N/F⁽¹⁾ Seizure Scores Seizure 0 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 5.0 20 1/8 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4 4.9 40 1/8 5, 4, 4, 1, 0, 0 2.5 80 5/8 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 1 ⁽¹⁾Number of animals active over the number tested

Example 9: Corneal Kindling Mouse Model (Focal Seizures)

Mice are kindled electrically with 3 sec stimulation, 8 mA, 60 Hz, and corneal electrodes to a criterion of 10 consecutive Stage 5 seizures (facial clonus and head nodding progressing to forelimb clonus, and finally rearing and falling accompanied by a generalized clonic seizure as described by Racine [20]). Stage 5 is generally reached after twice daily stimulation for 8 days. With continued stimulation once a day, animals usually progress to a reproducible Stage 5 after 10-14 additional days. At least 72 hours after the mice have been kindled, the test substance is administered either i.p. or p.o. and, at the previously determined TPE, each animal is given the electrical stimulus indicated above. Following stimulation, the animals are observed for the presence or absence of the rearing and falling criteria of a Stage 5 seizure. Treated animals not displaying a Stage 3, 4, or 5 seizure are considered protected. The dose of the test substance is varied between the limits of 0 and 100% efficacy, and the ED50 and 95% confidence intervals calculated by probit analysis. Mean values and the S.E.M. are calculated for the length of clonus and seizure duration and p values are determined by the Student's t-test.

Exemplary compounds of the application were effective in this model. For example, compound I(D) dose-dependently reduced the seizure score (seizure severity) in vehicle- and treated animals with an ED₅₀ of 70.4±1.0 mg/kg as illustrated in table 11:

TABLE 11 Dose Individual Average (mg/kg) N/F⁽¹⁾ Seizure Scores Seizure 35 0/8 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 5 70 1/8 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 2 4.6 140 5/8 0, 0, 5, 0, 1, 5, 5, 3 2.4 300 8/8 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0 0.8 ⁽¹⁾Number of animals active over the number tested

Example 10: Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (mTLE), Mouse

The MTLE mouse model recapitulates many of the characteristics observed in human patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The MTLE mouse is characterized by an initial neurotoxic event, a unilateral intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid (KA) into the dorsal hippocampus, which induces non-convulsive SE lasting several hours. This initial event is followed by a latent phase. Two to three weeks after KA injection, spontaneous recurrent hippocampal paroxysmal discharges (HPD) are only recorded in the epileptic hippocampus and remain stable and stereotyped for the whole life of the animal. These HPDs occur spontaneously about 30-60 times per hour when the animals are in a state of quiet wakefulness, generally last 15-20 sec and are associated with behavioral arrest and/or mild motor automatisms. Adult, male C57/Bl6 mice are stereotaxically injected with kainate (1 nmol in 100 nL) and implanted with 1 bipolar electrode in the dorsal hippocampus, and then allowed to recover for four weeks prior to evaluation in the screening protocol. Using a group size of 4 MTLE mice per dose of investigational compound, the compounds are typically first tested using the 6 Hz 44 mA ED50 value. If a compound demonstrates efficacy at this dose, the dose can then be increased depending on other relevant factors; i.e., the known TD50, to vary the protection observed. For all acute studies, drug conditions are counter-balanced in MTLE mice over a two week period using a Latin square dosing protocol. Animals are used as their own controls. Digital EEG recordings are performed on freely moving animals for 20 minutes pre-injection (reference period) and 90 minutes post-injection. Data are analyzed for the period of 10 minutes before and 10 minutes after peak time of effect of the investigational compound, as determined from the 6 Hz 44 mA seizure test. The effects of the injected compound are compared to the reference period. Any accompanying effect on animal behavior is noted. Data are presented as the raw number of HPDs during the analyzed 20 min period (10 minutes before and 10 minutes after peak time of effect of compound) for each MTLE mouse, group mean number of HPDs, and effect on suppression as represented by percent of baseline HPD values.

Exemplary compounds of the application were effective in this model. For example, at a dose of 125 mg/kg compound I(D) was found to be effective against spontaneous recurrent hippocampal paroxysmal discharges (HPD) in mice previously lesioned with a unilateral intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid (KA).

Example 11: Timed Intravenous Infusion of Metrazol (iv Met) in Mouse

The iv-Met test provides a measure of a test substance's ability to raise or lower seizure threshold. Two doses of the test compound are usually employed in this test, the MES ED₅₀ and the TD₅₀ determined following ip quantification testing in mice. Randomly selected mice are injected intraperitoneally 2 minutes apart with either the vehicle or the two test drug doses, maintaining the same order of dosing until 30 mice have been injected. At the previously determined TPE, 0.5% heparinized Metrazol solution is infused at a constant rate of 0.34 ml/min into a lateral tail vein of an unrestrained mouse. Infusion is by means of a Sage syringe pump (model 341 A) and a 10 ml B-D plastic syringe connected to a length of No 20 P.E. tubing. A 27 gauge stainless steel needle with the hub removed is connected to the tubing and inserted into a vein, bevel side up and secured to the tail by a narrow piece of adhesive tape. For the placement of the needle, the mouse is restrained in a cone shaped device with only the tail exposed. The rate selector is set on 4, and the switch is set at ml/min. At the start of the infusion a hemostat clamped to the tubing to prevent backflow is removed, the infusion started, and two stopwatches started. The time in seconds from the start of the infusion to the appearance of the “first twitch” and the onset of sustained clonus is recorded. The times to each endpoint are converted to mg/kg of Metrazol for each mouse as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{{mg}\text{/}{kg}\mspace{14mu} {Met}} = \frac{{Inf}\mspace{14mu} {time}\mspace{14mu} (T) \times {Rate}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {\inf \left( {{mL}\text{/}\min} \right)} \times {mg}\mspace{14mu} {Met}\text{/}{mL} \times 1000\mspace{14mu} g}{60\mspace{14mu} \sec \times {Weight}\mspace{11mu} (W)\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {animal}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} g}} \\ {= \frac{T \times 0.34 \times 5 \times 1000}{60 \times W}} \\ {= \frac{28.33 \times T}{W}} \\ {= {{mg}\text{/}{kg}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {Metrazol}}} \end{matrix}$

The mean and standard error for each of the 3 groups and the significance of the difference between the test groups and the control are calculated. An increase in mg/kg to first twitch or to clonus indicates the test substance increases seizure threshold, whereas a decrease indicates that the test substance decreases seizure threshold and may be pro-convulsant.

Exemplary compounds of the application were effective in this model. For example, compound 1(D) was found to elevate seizure threshold as assessed by time to twitch and time to clonus as well as total dose of pentylenetetrazol required to elicit first twitch or clonus (p<0.001) (FIG. 1).

Example 12: Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Rat Model

While most seizures are often short duration events that resolve spontaneously, status epilepticus (SE) events are characterized by continuous epileptic seizures or a series of seizures lasting longer than 30 minutes. Typically, treatment of SE requires emergency room intervention with either diazepam or lorazepam, immediately followed by phenytoin or phenobarbital. However, up to 15% of SE episodes can be refractory to these conventional therapies, thus identifying novel treatments that can be applied in the drug-refractory period, i.e. benzodiazepine-resistant SE, is of critical value to the clinical management of SE. The lithium-pilocarpine model is used to study the effects of a test compound on benzodiazepine-resistant SE. Sprague Dawley rats (n=8 per group; 100-150 g) are injected with lithium chloride (LiCl) solution (127 mg/kg). Animals are then used for the lithium pilocarpine-induced SE test 20-24 hours following LiCl injection. On the day of the test, animals are weighed and then injected with pilocarpine (50 mg/kg; i.p.) before being placed in an observation cage. In the initial convulsive-SE behavioral observation studies, adult rats receive a dose of the investigational compound, which was found in rat MES quantification to produce MMI. Rats are dosed 30 minutes following the first behavioral Stage 3 seizure. The ED50 and ED97 in this behavioral assay (30 minute time point) are determined for promising investigational compounds.

Exemplary compounds of the application are active in models of chemically induced SE. For example, compound I(D) is effective both when administered at the time of the chemical insult (time zero, 65 mg/kg) as well as 30 minutes after the appearance of seizures at 130 mg/kg.

Example 13: Frings AGS-Susceptible Mouse Model

Frings audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible mice model examines the ability of an investigational drug to alter the onset and/or severity of seizures in a genetic mouse model of seizure susceptibility. Mice are genetically susceptible to sound-induced reflex seizures. Their seizure phenotype is characterized by wild running, loss of righting reflex, tonic flexion, and tonic extension in response to high-intensity sound stimulation. In contrast to other seizure models, the Frings AGS-susceptible mouse, like the DBA2J AGS-susceptible mouse, is non-discriminatory with respect to clinical categories of anticonvulsant drugs, and thus, does not offer high predictive value in screening investigational compounds. For example, the prototypical anticonvulsants phenytoin and ethosuximide display widely divergent clinical spectrums in humans, but are both active against sound-induced seizures in mice. Yet, the preclinical utility of this animal model rests in the useful information that can be obtained within a genetically susceptible model of seizures. Further, efficacy in this model provides proof of concept of brain bioavailability following systemic administration. The Frings AGS-susceptible mouse has a well-validated epilepsy phenotype that makes it particularly useful as a screening model. Beginning at about 21 days of age, Frings AGS-susceptible mice display prominent seizure activity in response to a high-intensity sound stimulus. They then remain susceptible to sound throughout their life. This is in stark contrast to the DBA2J AGS-susceptible mouse, which is the other common model of sound-induced seizures, as DBA2J mice are only susceptible to sound-induced seizures during a narrow developmental window (post-natal days 18-30). Thus, the Frings AGS-susceptible mouse seizures respond to a wide range of CNS-active drugs and display sound-induced seizures throughout their lifetime. In this regard, Frings AGS-susceptible mice are a highly useful screening model for the identification and characterization of compounds potentially effective against inherited epilepsy.

Methods:

Male and female Frings audiogenic seizure-susceptible mice (18-25 g) are maintained in an in-house colony at the University of Utah. For each screening test, groups of 8 mice each are treated i.p. with varying doses of the investigational compound. At the time of peak effect as determined in the MES test (Test 4 in CF1 mice), individual mice are placed in a round plexiglass jar (diameter, 15 cm; height, 18 cm) and exposed to a sound stimulus of 110 decibels (11 KHz) delivered for 20 sec. Mice are observed for 25 sec for the presence or absence of hind limb tonic extension. Mice not displaying hind limb tonic extension are considered protected. The severity of a seizure may also be quantitated by assigning a numerical score to the observed response, e.g. no response—0; wild running for <10 sec—1; wild running for >10 sec—2; clonic seizure—3; forelimb extension/hind limb flexion—4; tonic seizure—5.

Exemplary compounds of the application are effective in this mouse model. For example, compound I(D) dose-dependently blocks AGS in the Frings AGS-susceptible mouse model with an ED50 of 28.95±3.08 mg/kg and Protective index (TD₅₀/ED₅₀) of 4.6.

Example 14: Spontaneously Bursting Hippocampal Slice In Vitro Model, Rat

An in vitro screen uses the medial entorhinal cortex-hippocampal (mEC-HC) slice obtained from kainic acid (KA)-treated animals to identify compounds that may be effective in pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Systemic KA treatment in rats is an accepted model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), where an initial insult results in status epilepticus and is followed by a sustained latent period that subsequently gives way to the development of spontaneous seizures. The mEC-HC slices collected from KA-treated rats exhibit spontaneous, electrographic “interictal-like” events that are pharmacoresistant to traditional ASDs. Moreover, the mEC-HC slices obtained from KA-treated rats are hyperexcitable in normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) solution as early as one week following KA-induced SE. Thus, this test screens investigational compounds for any potential efficacy against pharmacoresistant TLE.

Methods:

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-200 g (Charles River) were housed in a group no larger than 6 in plastic cages in a temperature- and light-controlled (12 h light:dark cycle) facility with free access to food and water (Harland Rodent diet 2920X). Animals were allowed to rest and acclimate in the facility for 5-7 days prior to low dose kainic acid administration.

Kainic acid administration/low dose: Animals were treated with Kainic Acid (Tocris, 0222) following a modified protocol described previously (Hellier et al 1998). Seizure activity is scored throughout KA administration using the Racine scale (Racine, 1972). The Racine scale defines seizure activity as: wet dog shakes, facial/jaw clonus and head nodding (stage 1-2) with forelimb clonus (stage 3). In combination with Stages 1-3, the animal rearing on hind legs and loss of balance characterize stages 4-5. KA (50 mg) was diluted in 10 mL of (0.9% saline) making a solution of 10 mg/kg. KA was administered via i.p. injection with an initial dose of 10 mg/kg for the first hour. Typically during the first hour, stage 1-3 seizures are generally observed and KA administration is reduced to 5.0 mg/kg (i.p.) and injected every 30 min until stage 4-5 seizures are first identified. Once stage 4-5 seizures are observed, injections cease and the number and stage of seizures observed are recorded on seizure score sheets. The animals are observed and seizures recorded for a minimum of 3.5 h. Animals are required to display at least one stage 4-5 seizure every hour for 3.5 h to be included in experiments. Animals that do not have at least one stage 4-5 seizure during the 3.5 h and have not reached the maximum dose of 40 mg/kg are reinjected with KA at 5 mg/kg (i.p.) every 30 minutes until stage 4-5 seizures are observed within the monitoring period of 3.5 h beginning again at time zero. Animals that fail the protocol mentioned above are excluded from experimentation and euthanized. After 3.5 h of behavioral monitoring, animals are given an injection of 0.9% saline (1-2 ml) subcutaneously to prevent dehydration and aid in recovery. Animals are then placed in clean cages and individually housed following KA-induced status because of aggressive behavioral characteristics. Animals are placed back in the holding facility and were given free access to food and water and allowed to recuperate for 14 days prior to experimentation.

Electrophysiology/Slice Preparation:

Rats are anesthetized using sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and the brains are quickly removed and placed in ice cold, oxygenated 95% O₂-5% CO₂ sucrose Artificial Cerebral Spinal Fluid (ACSF) solution containing (in mM): sucrose (125.0), KCl (3.0), NaH₂PO₄ (1.2), MgSO₄ (2.0), NaHCO₃ (26.0), glucose (10.0), and CaCl₂ (2.0). Oxygenation is achieved using fritted glass dispersion tubes. The brains are then surgically blocked and glued to a vibratome platform (Vibratome 3000). Horizontal sections are made 400 μm thick and are sliced in a ventral to dorsal orientation using a 4% agar block for support. Slices are incubated at room temperature 1-2 hrs prior to experiments in oxygenated ACSF which contained NaCl (126 mM) instead of sucrose and 10 μM glycine with a lower concentration of Mg+ of (0.1 mM) and a pH=7.33-7.38; osmolarity=290-310 mOsm. Slices are then transferred to a submersion chamber (Slicemate, Scientifica, Inc. UK) with a slice anchor on top to hold the slice in place and perfused with oxygenated ACSF. Slices are continuously perfused at a rate of 2.0-2.5 ml/min and maintained at a constant temperature of 31±1° C. Spontaneous Bursting activity is induced with ACSF where K+ concentration is adjusted to 6 mM.

Field Potential Recordings and Analysis:

Extracellular field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) are recorded from eight brain slices simultaneously using a Slicemaster high-throughput brain slice recording system (Scientifica, Uckfield, East Sussex, United Kingdom). Borosilicate glass electrodes (World Precision Instruments TW-150) are filled with ACSF and pulled to 1.5-2.5 MΩ resistance using a flaming brown micropipette electrode puller (Sutter Instrument Company Model P 97). A twisted Nichrome/Formvar coated wire stimulating electrode is used to evoke extracellular field potentials (fEPSPs). The stimulating electrode is placed in the angular bundle fibers while placing the recording electrode in layer II of the mEC. Stimulation is evoked at a rate of 1 stimulation every 5 seconds using Slice-ISO stimulators (npi electronic GmbH, Tamm, Germany), and fEPSPs are measured using Slice-2A amplifiers (npi electronic GmbH, Tamm, Germany) as components of the Slicemaster system. The minimum amplitude criteria for evoked fEPSPs in the mEC is 20.2 mV. Spontaneous fEPSPs are recorded using a low pass 1 kHz filter, at a sampling rate of 10 kHz, and recorded in gap-free mode using a Digidata 1550 (Axon Instruments, Union City, Calif.). Data is acquired using pCLAMP 10.4.2 and analyzed using CLAMPFIT 10.4 software (Axon Instruments, Union City, Calif.). After 20 minutes of baseline recording of spontaneous seizure-like burst activity, investigational compounds are applied via bath exchange for 20 minutes followed by a 20 minute washout to assess reversibility.

Data was high-pass filtered before analysis (Bessel 8 pole filter, with a cutoff of 5 Hz). A threshold search method is used to identify spontaneous events (threshold set to no less than 2× baseline noise). These data are then subjected to burst analysis with a burst-delimiting interval of 500 ms. Burst duration, frequency, and amplitude are averaged and binned in 30 second increments to assess baseline stability of these measures; data from individual slices that exhibit unstable baselines or drift >20% over 20 minutes are excluded. The percent change in these measures induced by a 20 minute exposure of investigational compounds is assessed using a student t test (statistical significance set at p≤0.05). Concentration response curves are fit to data where the investigational compound was tested at a minimum of 4 concentrations and EC50 s were calculated (slope constrained to 1, maximum and minimum constrained to 100% and 0% respectively, Graphpad Prism version 6, La Jolla Calif. USA, www.graphpad.com)

Drug Preparation:

For electrophysiological experiments, stock solutions of each compound (0.01-0.10 M) were made fresh on the day of the experiment and frozen then reused for multiple experiments and applied via bath perfusion of the combined mEC brain slice. The working concentration of DMSO was kept below 0.01% for each solution.

Exemplary compounds of the application are effective in this model. For example, compound I(D) effectively suppressed network hyperexcitability in the in vitro mEC-HC spontaneous bursting model, as determined by effects on spontaneous burst activity and duration (FIG. 2).

Example 15: Mouse Formalin Test (Pain Indication)

The formalin test is performed according to the method of Tjolsen et al. Pain, 1992. 51(1). An injection of 0.5% formalin (Sigma) is made into the planter region of the right hind paw of an adult (26-30 g) male CF-1 mouse. Sub-dermal formalin injection elicits a distinct behavioral profile characterized by the mouse licking the affected paw. The behavior is characteristically biphasic in nature. For example, immediately following the injection the mouse licks the paw intensely for approximately 10 min. This is referred to as phase 1 (or, the acute phase) and is followed by a brief latent period (<5 minutes) where there is little behavioral activity. A more prolonged period of about 20-30 min of activity then ensues, which constitutes phase 2 (or, the inflammatory phase). Prior to the administration of the investigational drug or vehicle, each mouse undergoes a 15-min conditioning period in one of several 6″ tall plexiglass tubes (4″ diameter) that are placed in front of a mirror. It is in these tubes that mice are later observed for the licking activity for the duration of the experiment. Following the conditioning, the test substance is administered i.p. in a dose equivalent to the MES ED50 and the mouse returned to its home tube. At the TPE of the drug, the formalin is injected sub-dermally into the plantar surface of the right hind foot. It is given in a volume of 2 mL with a 27 gauge stainless steel needle attached to a Hamilton syringe. The bevel of the needle is placed facing down toward the skin surface. Following the injection of the formalin each animal is observed for the first 2 min of 5-min epochs until 45 min have elapsed since the administration of the test drug. The cumulative length of licking for each 2-min time period is measured. An animal receiving the equivalent volume of vehicle is alienated with each mouse given the test drug (n=8, per group). Animals are humanely euthanized by CO₂ inhalation immediately following the conclusion of the experiment. The area under the curve (AUG) is calculated for both the acute and inflammatory phases of the licking response for individual animals in both the test and control groups. The percent of control AUG for drug-treated animal groups is determined using the Graph-Pad Prism Version 3.03. The total AUG for each phase of the test group is also calculated and converted to percentage of total AUG of control for each phase. The average and S.E.M. for both the drug treated and control percentages are calculated and tested for significant difference. An effect is considered significantly different from the control is p≤0.05.

Exemplary compounds of the application were effective in significantly reducing the nociceptive responses, particularly during the second phase of formalin test. For example, compound I(F) at dose 41 mg/kg by i.p. route produced a significant decrease in the number of paw licks. This effect was most pronounced in the second (late) phase as defined by the % inhibition compared to vehicle controls.

Example 16: Sciatic Ligation Model in Rats (Neuropathic Pain) Partial Ligation of the Sciatic Nerve:

Animals will be anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and the depth of anesthesia monitored by their response to a tail pinch and observation of the depth of respiration. Sterile technique will be used throughout the surgery. The upper thigh will be shaved and wiped off with ethanol and betadine. A small incision will then be made in the skin. The underlying muscle of the upper thigh will be separated and the sciatic nerve exposed. The nerve is separated from the surrounding connective tissue and slightly elevated by a pair of fine, curved forceps. Approximately ⅓ to ½ of the nerve is tied off by passing a needle (7.0) and nylon suture through the nerve. The muscle and skin incision are closed off separately with 5.0 suture and the animals kept warm until they have recovered from the anesthesia. This procedure is routinely done on the right side (ipsilateral) while a sham surgery is performed on the left hind leg (contralateral). The latter involves a similar procedure with the exception that the sciatic nerve on this side is only exposed. The rats will be closely monitored daily for the development of infection or untoward effects of the surgery in which case the animals will be immediately euthanized.

After an appropriate time for recovery (7 days) the animals will be tested for the development of mechanical allodynia (abnormal response to a non-noxious stimulus). The animals are each put in a bottomless plexiglass box placed on a wire mesh (¼″) platform. After 30-60 minutes in which to acclimate, a baseline mechanical sensitivity is determined. This procedure is done by applying a series of calibrated Von Frey fibers perpendicularly to the plantar surface of each hind paw and holding it there for about 6 sees with enough force to slightly bend the fiber. After a positive response (withdrawal of the foot) is noted a weaker fiber is applied. This is repeated until a 50% threshold for withdrawal can be determined.

The allodynic threshold is then redetermined after intraperitoneal administration of an investigational AED. Testing will be conducted at the time-to-peak effect of the AED as determined in the acute seizure model (Z. Seltzer et al. Pain 43 1990, 205-218).

Exemplary compounds of the application were effective in significantly reducing the nociceptive responses, particularly during the second phase of formalin test. For example, compound I(F) (23 mg/kg i.p.) produced a significant decrease in the mechanical allodynia compared to vehicle controls.

Example 17: Spinal Nerve Injury (SNI) Model (Neuropathic Pain)

The SNI model of neuropathic pain was developed in rats using the procedure described by Decostered and Woolf, Pain 2000, 87: 149-158. Under isoflurane anesthesia, the skin on the lateral surface of the thigh was incised and a section was made directly through the biceps femoris muscle exposing the sciatic nerve and its three terminal branches: the sural, common peroneal and tibial nerves. The common peroneal and the tibial nerves were tight-ligated with 6-0 suture and sectioned distal to the ligation, removing 2-4 mm of the distal nerve stump. Extreme care was taken to avoid any contact with or stretching of the intact sural nerve. Following surgery, hemostasis was confirmed and the muscles were sutured in layers using 4-0 suture and the skin was closed with 4-0 suture and metal clips.

Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Testing of compounds was done 21 days post-operatively. After initial basal readings were taken, the test compound or vehicle was administered. The readings were taken again 30, 60 and 180 min after the compound/vehicle administration. Both the control (uninjured) and the SNI paw were tested. The presence of mechanical allodynia was assessed using the Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer (Ugo Basile, Italy) which is a modified version of the Von Frey Hair test. In this, a test filament is positioned below the animal's hind paw and the unit is activated which causes the filament to move up and touch the plantar surface of the hind paw. Increasing force is applied to the paw via the filament. When the animal withdraws its paw, the unit is inactivated automatically and the threshold force required to elicit the paw withdrawal is displayed. A single reading was taken per time point. The cut-off force was set at 50 g. The tests were done on both the non-injured (control) and the injured (SNI) paw. Pilot studies showed the presence of mechanical allodynia 7 days after the surgery and lasted up to 4 weeks (end of the test period).

Cold allodynia was assessed by using the acetone test. In this test, 25 μl of acetone is sprayed on to the plantar surface of the hind paw. Evaporation of acetone causes cooling of the skin. The cold stimulus sets up nociceptive responses from the injured paw as evidenced by paw lifting, paw licking and grooming. The duration of the nociceptive responses is noted. Similar stimulus to the uninjured (control) paw usually does not elicit nociceptive responses.

In the case of the SNI model (Von Frey Hair test), the maximum reversal possible was computed as Percent Maximum Possible Effect (MPE) (e.g. Stohr et al, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 10: 241-249):

In the SNI model of neuropathic pain, compound F at a dose of 60 mg/kg i.p. was effective at reducing the mechanical allodynia evident in the denervated paw as measured using the Von Frey test. Cold allodynia in the neuropathic rats was also significantly reduced by this compound.

While the present application has been described with reference to examples, it is to be understood that the scope of the claims should not be limited by the embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Where a term in the present application is found to be defined differently in a document incorporated herein by reference, the definition provided herein is to serve as the definition for the term. 

1. A compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, tautomer or optical isomer, or combination thereof:

wherein: R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, CO₂R₆, CONHR₆, CON(R₆)₂, SO₂NHR₆, SO₂N(R₆)₂, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl, C₁-C₆-lower alkoxy, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-ester, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-amide, C₁-C₆-lower alkyl-acid, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆-lower haloalkyl-ester, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxycycloalkyl, hydroxy-heterocycloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, alkylenearyl, alkyleneheteroaryl, alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylene-O-cycloalkyl, alkylene-O-heterocycloalkyl, alkylene-O-alkylene-cycloalkyl, alkylene-O-alkylene-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more independently-selected groups R₆; R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl; or R₂ and R₃ connect to form, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, a three to seven-membered ring; and R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl; or R₄ and R₅ connect to form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, a three to seven-membered ring; Q is selected from O, NR₇, S, SO and SO₂; and R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteoaryl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, having the following structure:


3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy and C₁-C₂alkylene-O—C₁-C₄alkyl.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of Cl, F, CH₃, CF₃, CH₃O, CF₃O and CH₂OCH₃.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, and C₁-C₄haloalkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of R₂ and R₃ is H.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₂ and R₃ connect to form, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclypentyl or cyclohexyl ring.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, and C₁-C₄haloalkyl.
 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein R₄ and R₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and CH₃.
 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein at least one of R₄ and R₅ is H.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₄ and R₅ connect to form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrolidine or piperadine ring.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein Q is selected from O and NR₇.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl and C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl.
 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein R₇ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁-C₄alkyl.
 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₆ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄alkyl and C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl.
 16. The compound of claim 1, selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, or a stereoisomer thereof.
 17. The compound of claim 16, selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof.
 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein the compound is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof.
 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient.
 20. A method for treating at least one of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, acute and chronic inflammatory pain, migraine, tardive dyskinesia, anxiety and other related CNS disorders in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 